Current biomarkers of invasive sporadic pituitary adenomas

Though pituitary adenomas (PA) are considered benign, some of them exhibit invasive behaviors such as recurrence and low rate of total surgical resection. Reliable prognostic biomarkers for invasive PA are highly desired; however they remain to be identified. In this review, we summarize the current controversial findings of biomarkers for invasive sporadic PA, and we discuss the possible reasons for the controversies.