Genomic and host range studies of Maruca vitrata nucleopolyhedrovirus

The complete genome of the Maruca vitrata nucleopolyhedrovirus (MaviNPV) isolated from the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was sequenced. It was found to be 111 953 bp in length, with an overall 39 % G+C content, and contained 126 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding predicted proteins of over 50 aa. The gene content and gene order of MaviNPV have the highest similarity to those of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and their shared homologous genes are 100 % collinear. In fact, MaviNPV seems to be a mini-AcMNPV that is native to Taiwan and possesses a smaller genome with fewer auxiliary genes than the AcMNPV type species. Except for one ORF (Mv74), all of the MaviNPV ORFs have homologues in the AcMNPV genome. MaviNPV is the first lepidopteran-specific baculovirus to lack homologues of vfgf and odv-e66. In addition, MaviNPV lacks the baculovirus repeat ORF (bro) gene that corresponds to AcMNPV ORF2. Five homologous regions (hrs) were located within the MaviNPV genome, and these contained a total of 44 imperfect palindromes. Phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome revealed that MaviNPV was separated from the common ancestor of AcMNPV and Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus before these two viral species diverged from each other. Moreover, replication of MaviNPV in several cell lines and an egfp–MaviNPV infection assay revealed that IPLB-LD-652Y cells are only partially permissive to MaviNPV, which supports our conclusion that MaviNPV is a distinct species of the group I lepidopteran NPVs.