Two new species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae from Africa, one of which is devoid of amatoxins and phallotoxins

Raspe, Olivier/0000-0002-8426-2133; Akata, Ilgaz/0000-0002-1731-1302; Amalfi, Mario/0000-0002-1792-7828 WOS: 000470924300001 PubMed: 31217724 Two new species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae are described from tropical Africa (incl. Madagascar) based on both morphological and molecular (DNA sequence) data. Amanita bweyeyensis sp. nov. was collected, associated with Eucalyptus, in Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. It is consumed by local people and chemical analyses showed the absence of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the basidiomata. Surprisingly, molecular analysis performed on the same specimens nevertheless demonstrated the presence of the gene sequence encoding for the phallotoxin phallacidin (PHA gene, member of the MSDIN family). The second species, Amanita harkoneniana sp. nov. was collected in Tanzania and Madagascar. It is also characterised by a complete PHA gene sequence and is suspected to be deadly poisonous. Both species clustered together in a well-supported terminal clade in multilocus phylogenetic inferences (including nuclear ribosomal partial LSU and ITS-5.8S, partial tef1-alpha, rpb2 and beta-tubulin genes), considered either individually or concatenated. This, along with the occurrence of other species in sub-Saharan Africa and their phylogenetic relationships, are briefly discussed. Macro- and microscopic descriptions, as well as pictures and line drawings, are presented for both species. An identification key to the African and Madagascan species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae is provided. The differences between the two new species and the closest Phalloideae species are discussed. FONERWA (Rwanda's Green Fund) We thank the FONERWA (Rwanda's Green Fund) which supported the inventory work of the edible fungi in the framework of the "Developing local mushroom strains to improve smallholder outgrower livelihoods and defend against National Park encroachment", a project initiated in 2014 which allowed the discovery of these two Amanita species. We are also very grateful to Paul Pirot, who gave to the BR herbarium several specimens of Amanita harkoneniana he collected in Madagascar. We address our sincere thanks to the curators and members of the herbaria AD, H, K, MEL, PREM, PRU and VPI, for the information and the specimens they sent us on loan. We also thank Jilber Barutciyan for initiating and facilitating contacts between the Belgian and Turkish authors of this article and Elaine Davison for useful suggestions to improve the text. We are grateful to Cyrille Gerstmans and Omer Van de Kerckhove for preparing the figures for publication.