Does the formation of lipopolysaccharide tolerance require intact vagal innervation of the liver?

The study was designed to test whether intact vagal innervation of the liver is required for the formation of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Wistar rats were subjected to either denervation of the liver (transection of the hepatic and both celiac branches of the abdominal vagus) or sham surgery. Two weeks later, each rat had an osmotic pump implanted subcutaneously. The pump was filled with either a suspension of Escherichia coli LPS (18 mg/ml) in saline or saline alone. Via a catheter, the pump delivered its content into the right jugular vein at a rate of approximately 0.72 microl/kg/h (approximately 13 microg/kg/h of LPS) over 28 d. On day 25 of the infusion, each animal had another catheter implanted into the left jugular vein. Three days later, each rat was injected with a lethal bolus dose of LPS (15 mg/kg) and had its colonic temperature recorded. The saline-infused sham-operated rats responded to the bolus injection of LPS with hypothermia followed by a fever (mean response magnitude 1.0+/-0.2 degrees C); 91% of the animals died within 24 h. The LPS-primed shams developed marked tolerance: When challenged with a lethal dose of LPS, they exhibited a significantly smaller thermal response (magnitude 0.5 +/- 0.2 degrees C) and none died. No group of the vagotomized animals, whether LPS- or saline-primed, became tolerant: Both groups exhibited similar hypothermic responses to the bolus LPS injection and a substantial mortality rate (40 and 100%, respectively). The study shows that prolonged infusion of low doses of LPS leads to the formation of tolerance and that vagal denervation of the liver by hepato-celiac vagotomy suppresses this process. The mechanisms of vagal control of the formation of LPS tolerance remain speculative.