Genetic control and allele variation among soybean maturity groups 000 through IX

Soybean [Glycinemax (L.) Merr.] maturity determines the growing region of a given soybean variety and is a primary factor in yield and other agronomic traits. The objectives of this research were to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with maturity groups (MGs) and determine the genetic control of soybean maturity in each MG. Using data from 16,879 soybean accessions, genome‐wide association (GWA) analyses were conducted for each paired MG and across MGs 000 through IX. Genome‐wide association analyses were also performed using 184 genotypes (MGs V–IX) with days to flowering (DTF) and maturity (DTM) collected in the field. A total of 58 QTL were identified to be significantly associated with MGs in individual GWAs, which included 12 reported maturity loci and two stem termination genes. Genome‐wide associations across MGs 000–IX detected a total of 103 QTL and confirmed 54 QTL identified in the individual GWAs. Of significant loci identified, qMG‐5.2 had effects on the highest number (9) of MGs, followed by E2, E3, Dt2, qMG‐15.5, E1, qMG‐13.1, qMG‐7.1, and qMG‐16.1, which affected five to seven MGs. A high number of genetic loci (8–25) that affected MGs 0–V were observed. Stem termination genes Dt1 and Dt2 mainly had significant allele variation in MGs II–V. Genome‐wide associations for DTF, DTM, and reproductive period (RP) in the diversity panel confirmed 15 QTL, of which seven were observed in MGs V–IX. The results generated can help soybean breeders manipulate the maturity loci for genetic improvement of soybean yield.