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On the Evolution of, and Hot Gas in, Wind-Blown Bubbles around Massive Stars -- Wind Bubbles Are Not Energy-Conserving
- Source :
- Galaxies; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages: 78
- Publication Year :
- 2023
- Publisher :
- arXiv, 2023.
-
Abstract
- The structure and evolution of wind-blown bubbles (WBBs) around massive stars has primarily been investigated using an energy-conserving model of wind-blown bubbles. While this model is useful in explaining the general properties of the evolution, several problems remain, including inconsistencies between observed wind luminosities and those derived using this formulation. Major difficulties include the low X-ray temperature and X-ray luminosity, compared to the model. In this paper, we re-examine the evolution, dynamics, and kinematics of WBBs around massive stars, using published ionization gasdynamic simulations of wind-blown bubbles. We show that WBBs can cool efficiently due to the presence of various instabilities and turbulence within the bubble. The expansion of WBBs is more consistent with a momentum-conserving solution, rather than an energy-conserving solution. This compares well with the dynamics and kinematics of observed wind bubbles. Despite the cooling of the bubble, the shocked wind temperature is not reduced to the observed values. We argue that the X-ray emission arise mainly from clumps and filaments within the hot shocked wind region, with temperatures just above 10$^6$ K. The remainder of the plasma can contribute to a lesser extent.<br />Comment: 22 pages, 7 figures. Published in Galaxies. Only low-resolution figures are included due to size requirements; original high-resolution figures, especially Figure 1, can be obtained from the published paper in the journal
- Subjects :
- High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE)
ionization
gas dynamics
wind bubbles
instabilities
turbulence
shock waves
stellar winds
massive stars
cooling
X-rays
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
FOS: Physical sciences
Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR)
Subjects
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Galaxies; Volume 11; Issue 3; Pages: 78
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....4f3db6f188085cf1e95f51a7a5872d57
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.11192