Codon usage bias in the N gene of rabies virus

Since its emergence, rabies virus (RABV) has been a major worldwide concern especially in developing countries. The nucleoprotein (N) of RABV is highly conserved and key for genetic typing, thus a better understanding of the N gene evolutionary trajectory can assist the development of control measures. We found that the N gene of RABV has a low codon usage bias with a mean effective number of codons (ENC) value of 56.33 influenced by both mutation pressure and natural selection. However, neutrality analysis indicated that natural selection dominates over mutation pressure. Additionally, we found that dinucleotide bias partly contributed to RABV codon usage bias. On the other hand, based on the clades of phylogenetic tree, we found that the evolutionary rate of the Africa 2 clade was the highest with a mean value of 3.75 × 10− 3 substitutions per site per year. Above all, our results regarding N gene of RABV codon usage will serve future RABV evolution research.