Early imaging signs of the use of antiresorptive medication and MRONJ: a systematic review

The main aim is to identify, by means of different imaging modalities, the early bone changes in patients “at risk” and in stage 0 MRONJ. A search of the literature was performed on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases, until June 9, 2020. No language or year restrictions were applied. Screening of the articles, data collection, and qualitative analysis was done. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for observational studies, and the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation’s (SYRCLE) risk of bias tool for the animal studies. A total of 1188 articles were found, from which 47 were considered eligible, whereas 42 were suitable for the qualitative analysis. They correspond to 39 human studies and 8 animal studies. Radiographic findings such as bone sclerosis, osteolytic areas, thickening of lamina dura, persisting alveolar socket, periapical radiolucency, thicker mandibular cortex, widening of the periodontal ligament space, periodontal bone loss, and enhancement of the mandibular canal were identified as early bone changes due to antiresorptive therapy. All those findings were also reported later in Stage 0 patients. The main limitations of these results are the lack of prospective data and comparisons groups; therefore, careful interpretation should be made. It is a fact that radiographic findings are present in antiresorptive-treated patients, but the precise timepoint of occurrence, their relation to the posology, and potential risk to develop MRONJ are not clear. The importance of a baseline radiographic diagnosis for antiresorptive-treated patients.