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Molecular and Morphological Toxicity of Diatom-Derived Hydroxyacid Mixtures to Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus Embryos
- Source :
- Marine Drugs, Marine Drugs, Vol 17, Iss 3, p 144 (2019), Volume 17, Issue 3
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- MDPI, 2019.
-
Abstract
- Oxylipins such as polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) and hydroxyacids (HEPEs) are signaling molecules derived from the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are common in diatoms that constitute a major group of microalgae in freshwater and oceanic ecosystems. Although HEPEs represent the most common oxylipins produced by diatoms, little information is available on their effects on marine invertebrates, and most of the information has been obtained by testing individual HEPEs. Our previous studies reported that four hydroxyacids, i.e., 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE, were able to induce malformations and a marked developmental delay in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos, which had not been reported for other oxylipins. Here, we tested a mixture of 5-, 9-, 11-, and 15-HEPE at different concentrations for the first time. The results showed that mixtures of HEPEs have synergistic effects that are much more severe compared to those of individual HEPEs: The HEPE mixtures induced malformations in sea urchin embryos at lower concentrations. Increasing HEPE mixture concentrations induced a marked increase in the number of delayed embryos, until all embryos were delayed at the highest concentration tested. At the molecular level, the HEPE mixtures induced variations in the expression of 50 genes involved in different functional processes, mainly down-regulating these genes at the earliest stages of embryonic development. These findings are ecologically significant, considering that during diatom blooms, sea urchins could accumulate HEPEs in concentrations comparable to those tested in the present study.
- Subjects :
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
hydroxyacids
Harmful Algal Bloom
Oxylipin
Pharmaceutical Science
Embryonic Development
010501 environmental sciences
01 natural sciences
Gene
Paracentrotus lividus
Article
sea urchin
03 medical and health sciences
chemistry.chemical_compound
biology.animal
Hydroxyacid
Drug Discovery
Animals
14. Life underwater
Oxylipins
genes
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (miscellaneous)
Sea urchin
lcsh:QH301-705.5
030304 developmental biology
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
HEPES
chemistry.chemical_classification
Diatoms
0303 health sciences
biology
Chemistry
Animal
Gene Expression Profiling
Embryogenesis
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Embryo
Diatom
Marine invertebrates
biology.organism_classification
Biochemistry
lcsh:Biology (General)
Paracentrotus
Paracentrotu
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 16603397
- Volume :
- 17
- Issue :
- 3
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Marine Drugs
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....5308f1b32861938edb8a2aebc762bc55