Fumigaclavine C activates PPARγ pathway and attenuates atherogenesis in ApoE-deficient mice

Objective To develop alternative therapeutic strategy that reduces hypercholesterolemia, inflammation and atherosclerosis, we investigate if fumigaclavine C (FC), an indole alkaloid in structure, has anti-atherosclerosis function, and if so, what is the mechanism involved. Methods and results We used ApoE-deficient (ApoE −/− ) mice as an atherosclerosis model to examine if FC reduced aorta lesion size and improved serum lipid profiles. ApoE −/− mice at 6 weeks of age were fed on a western diet for 10 weeks before FC was administrated (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) by gavage daily for additional 4 weeks. The mice were sacrificed at 20 weeks of age for examination. The atherosclerotic lesions were assessed with Oil Red O staining in the whole aorta and aortic sinus. Serum levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were determined enzymatically. Mouse macrophages were examined for lipid droplets inside cells. FC's effect on PPARγ and PPARγ signaling pathway were further investigated by western blot and luciferase assay. We found that FC decreased atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE −/− mice in a dose-dependent manner. Also FC improved lipid profiles in ApoE −/− mice and reduced the foam cell numbers of peritoneal macrophages. FC stimulated PPARγ signaling pathway proteins both in vitro and in vivo. FC enhanced PPARγ transactivation activity assayed by a PPRE reporter system. Conclusion Our data indicated that FC activated PPARγ signaling pathway as well as its downstream proteins and had an effective role of anti-atherosclerosis.