Research and Development in the Finnish Wood Processing and Paper Industry, c. 1850-1990

This chapter describes the general history of research and development work in the Finnish pulp and paper industry from the mid-nineteenth century until roughly 1990, a period that witnessed it undergo drastic changes because of the altered political environment in Europe and general globalization. In addressing its subject, this chapter is mainly concerned with the operation of paper mills, but it also addresses the related subjects of technical research, formal higher education and work-related, practical learning. In addition, it briefly discusses the challenges inherent in researching the development of technology because of its research traditions. peerReviewed