Effect of dietary protein to energy ratio on performance of nile tilapia and food web enhancement in semi-intensive pond aquaculture

When fish have only access to formulated feed, the optimal dietary protein to energy ratio (P:E) for tilapia ranges between 18 and 23 g.MJ−1. In pond culture, where natural foods complement administrated feed, increasing the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio stimulates the natural food productivity. This study assessed if lowering the dietary P:E ratio (and thus increasing the C:N ratio of the feed input in the pond) below the optimal P:E ratio affects fish productivity, food web dynamics and nitrogen balances in semi-intensively managed tilapia ponds. Twelve ponds, each divided into three equally-sized compartments, were assigned to test the effect of two diets, which differed in P:E ratio (19 vs. 14 g.MJ−1). Three feeding levels (no, “low” and “high”) were nested in each pond in a split plot design. Initial fish biomass was 1166 (±16) g.compartment−1 and the experiment lasted 60 days. Decreasing P:E ratio enhanced tilapia production and specific growth rate (P