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Fetal and neonatal exposure to three typical environmental chemicals with different mechanisms of action: Mixed exposure to phenol, phthalate, and dioxin cancels the effects of sole exposure on mouse midbrain dopaminergic nuclei
- Source :
- Toxicology Letters. 189:40-47
- Publication Year :
- 2009
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2009.
-
Abstract
- A major question is whether exposure to mixtures of low-dose endocrine disruptors (EDs) having different action mechanisms affects neurodevelopment differently than exposure to EDs individually. We therefore investigated the effects of fetal and neonatal exposure to three typical EDs - bisphenol A (BPA), di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) - on the midbrain dopaminergic system associated with functions - including motor activity, emotion, and cognition - affected by neuropsychiatric diseases such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ICR mouse dams and their pups were orally treated with BPA (5mg/(kg day)), DEHP (1mg/(kg day)), or TCDD (8ng/kg) individually, or with mixtures thereof, to compare the effects between sole and mixed administration. We analyzed tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and Fos-immunoreactive (ir) neurons as markers of dopamine and neuronal activation, respectively. The numbers of TH- and/or Fos-ir neurons and the intensity of TH-immunoreactivity within midbrain dopaminergic nuclei (A9, A10, and A8) of each sole administration group significantly differed from controls at 2, 4, and 6 weeks of age. In contrast, no significant differences were detected in the mixture groups, suggesting counteractions among those chemicals. These results indicate that ED mixtures as pollution have unique and elusive effects. Thyroid hormones and/or aryl hydrocarbon receptor-related mechanisms may be responsible for this counteraction.
- Subjects :
- Male
endocrine system
medicine.medical_specialty
Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins
Dopamine
Organogenesis
Complex Mixtures
Endocrine Disruptors
Toxicology
Mice
chemistry.chemical_compound
Phenols
Mesencephalon
Pregnancy
Diethylhexyl Phthalate
Internal medicine
medicine
Animals
Endocrine system
Benzhydryl compounds
Benzhydryl Compounds
Neurons
Mice, Inbred ICR
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Body Weight
Dopaminergic
Phthalate
Organ Size
General Medicine
Endocrinology
Animals, Newborn
chemistry
Mechanism of action
Endocrine disruptor
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
Female
medicine.symptom
medicine.drug
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 03784274
- Volume :
- 189
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Toxicology Letters
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....5e42b17d823e284d423af73cd81f9af3