Genetic manipulation of sex differentiation and phenotype in domestic animals

In mammals, a gene based sex determination system ensures that approximately 50% of offspring will be of the male sex and 50% will be of the female sex. In domestic animal production systems, this ratio is not always ideal. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of sex determination and differentiation, as well as in the control of gene expression and the direct modification of animal genomes, allows us to consider methods for the direct genetic manipulation of sexual phenotype.