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Alveolar echinococcosis: what triggers emergence in North America, Central Europe and Asia?
- Source :
- Gottstein, Bruno; Deplazes, Peter (2021). Alveolar echinococcosis: what triggers emergence in North America, Central Europe and Asia? Current opinion in infectious diseases, 34(5), pp. 440-446. Wolters Kluwer Health 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000765
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health), 2021.
-
Abstract
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infection with the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a serious hepatic disorder. The parasite has increased its infection extensity in wildlife and domestic dogs, mainly due to urbanization and spatial extension of wildlife hosts in Europe, Asia as well as North America, resulting in emerging infection risk for humans. RECENT FINDINGS In hyperendemic areas such as Kyrgyzstan and China, ecological and socioeconomic changes have been associated with the unpredictable increase of AE cases. In North America, the appearance of the European-like genotype is of concern. In Europe, the annual increase of human case numbers reached a plateau even in hyperendemic situations. Therefore, we conclude that most of the exposed individuals are resistant to parasite invasion and/or to disease development. Thus, AE develops in a few healthy individuals, but preferentially in immunosuppressed patients. SUMMARY In the future, improved diagnostic strategies will allow more precise estimations of transmission routes including the role of food, water and direct dog contact, which should yield improved public health recommendations. Finally, understanding protective innate and acquired immune mechanisms as well as parasite-driven immune-evasion processes will be essential to develop curative therapies in nonoperable patients and, futuristically, appropriate vaccines.
- Subjects :
- Microbiology (medical)
China
Echinococcosis, Hepatic
medicine.medical_specialty
Asia
Wildlife
610 Medicine & health
Alveolar echinococcosis
Disease
Echinococcus multilocularis
Dogs
Echinococcosis
Environmental health
Urbanization
medicine
Animals
Humans
biology
Transmission (medicine)
business.industry
Public health
biology.organism_classification
Europe
Metacestode
Infectious Diseases
570 Life sciences
business
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 14736527 and 09517375
- Volume :
- 34
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....61d00be7c0945e220078c23765ad16f0