Evaluation of Real-Time PCR for Detection of and Discrimination between Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella holmesii for Clinical Diagnosis

PCR is increasingly being used as a diagnostic test for the detection of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis DNA, as it has improved sensitivity and specificity in comparison to conventional techniques. The assay described here uses the two insertion sequences IS 481 and IS 1001 for B. pertussis and B. parapertussis , respectively, with detection by molecular beacons. The real-time PCR for IS 481 detects both B. pertussis and Bordetella holmesii , and the real-time PCR for IS 1001 detects both B. parapertussis and B. holmesii . By performing both assays discrimination between B. pertussis and B. parapertussis can be obtained. The sensitivity was 1 to 10 CFU/ml for B. pertussis , 10 CFU/ml for B. parapertussis , and 10 CFU/ml for B. holmesii in both assays. The clinical sensitivity of the B. pertussis assay was not affected by duplexing with an internal control PCR. Real-time PCR, conventional PCR, and culture were performed on 57 clinical samples. Eight of the 57 (14%) were found positive by culture, 19 of 57 (33%) were found positive by conventional PCR, and 22 of 57 (39%) were found positive by real-time PCR. One sample was inhibitory. When the B. pertussis assay was compared with a clinical standard for B. pertussis infection, sensitivity was 38, 83, and 100% and specificity was 100, 97, and 97% for culture, conventional PCR, and real-time PCR, respectively. The real-time PCR designed for B. pertussis and B. parapertussis provides sensitive and specific diagnosis of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis infections and is therefore suitable for implementation in the diagnostic laboratory.