The influence of heavy metals on the bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic system by a bacterial–fungal consortium

Co-contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with heavy metals (HMs) in aquatic environments is a global threat; however, little is understood about PAH biodegradation in these sites. In this study, PAHs’ biodegradation in the presence of HMs in water by a metal-tolerant consortium composed of Bacillus subtilis and fungus Acremonium sp. was investigated. The consortium demonstrated higher tolerance to the tested HMs (Fe2+, Al3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) than the individual consortium components, and the tolerance to individual metals decreased with increasing metal concentrations. In the absence of HMs in aquatic systems, the consortium efficiently degraded naphthalene, fluorine, phenanthrene, anthracene and fluoranthene individually (50 mmol/L) over 10 days. However, while Ni2+ supplementation (5 mmol/L) suppressed phenanthrene and anthracene removal (p ≤ 0.01), enhanced fluoranthene degradation relative to the control was observed. Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Al3+ supplementation demon...