A 25 year perspective on the evolution and advances in an understanding of the biology, evaluation and treatment of kidney cancer

The diagnosis, evaluation and management of patients with renal cell carcinoma has transformed in the 21(st) century. Utilizing biological discoveries and technological advances, the field has moved from blunt surgical and largely ineffective medical treatments, to nuanced and fine-tuned approaches based on biology, extent of disease and patient preferences. In this review we will summarize the last 25 years of progress in kidney cancer.