Polymer inclusion membrane to access Zn speciation: Comparison with root uptake

Metal speciation studies can be performed with a new technique based on a functionalized membrane. The estimation of not only the total amount of metal, but also the metal available to living organisms is very important. In this context, we have investigated the use of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) in a new tool for the determination of free metal ion concentration. In order to check the usefulness of PIM devices in metal speciation studies and metal availability to potato plants (Solanum tuberosum), Zn has been chosen as a case study. The PIM designed for Zn transport uses polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as polymer and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as carrier, with 0.01M nitric acid in the receiving solution. The stability of the PIM has been demonstrated and good linearity of PIM-device fluxes (JPIM) with free metal concentration was observed for total metal concentrations ranging from 3 µM up to 70 µM. The presence of different ligands, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), humic acid (HA) and citrate, greatly influences the measured JPIM because the formation of metal complexes in the donor phase decreases the free Zn concentration in the sample. Good correlation has been found when comparing PIM fluxes and metal accumulation in potato plants roots in the presence of EDTA. But, the root uptake did not change when adding citrate and HA to the hydroponic medium, so the uptake does not always follows the Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM). These ligands might induce physiological changes in the roots and enhance metal uptake. The financial support of the Spanish government through research projects CTM2013-48967 and CTM2016-78798 (AEI/FEDER/UE) is acknowledged. R. Vera acknowledges a grant from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ref. BES-2014-068314.