Investigation of return photons from sodium laser beacon excited by a 40-watt facility-class pulsed laser for adaptive optical telescope applications

The brightness of the artificial beacon is one critical performance parameter for adaptive optics. Here, a 40-watt level narrow-linewidth microsecond pulsed yellow laser is produced at 589 nm with a high repetition frequency of 600 Hz and a pulse duration of 120 μs. An experiment to project the pulse beam up to the sky and measure the fluorescence photon returns of the Na atoms has been held on the 1.8-meter telescope in Lijiang observatory. During the sky test, a laser guide star (LGS) spot is firstly observed with Rayleigh scattering elimination by means of a gateable pulse format. And, the central wavelength of the laser could be accurately locked to be 589.1584 nm with a linewidth of ~0.34 GHz to match that of sodium-D2a line. Optical pumping with circularly polarized light has also been used to increase the brightness of sodium LGS. In order to maximize the return flux, sodium D2b repumping option is done by an electro-optic modulator with the optimum D2a-D2b frequency offset. As a result, a bright sodium LGS with the return flux of 1610 photons/cm2/s is achieved, corresponding to ~47 photons/cm2/s/W of emitted laser power, which represents a significant improvement in terms of brightness reported ever.