Pathological findings in central nervous system demyelination associated with infliximab

Background: Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibitors, such as infliximab, are commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other immune-mediated disorders. Objective: To determine whether infliximab-associated central nervous system (CNS) demyelination can be differentiated from multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: We present a case of pathologically proven CNS demyelination in a patient treated with infliximab and describe clinical–radiographic–neuropathological findings. Putative mechanisms of TNF-alpha inhibitor-associated CNS demyelination are described. Results and conclusion: Infliximab treatment is associated with CNS inflammatory demyelinating activity, which is histopathologically indistinguishable from MS.