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Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Source :
- PLoS Medicine, Vol 17, Iss 6, p e1003139 (2020), PLoS Medicine
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2020.
-
Abstract
- Background The widespread use of antibiotics plays a major role in the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. However, important knowledge gaps still exist regarding the extent of their use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly at the primary care level. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted in primary care in LMICs to estimate the prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions as well as the proportion of such prescriptions that are inappropriate. Methods and findings We searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, and CENTRAL for articles published between 1 January 2010 and 4 April 2019 without language restrictions. We subsequently updated our search on PubMed only to capture publications up to 11 March 2020. Studies conducted in LMICs (defined as per the World Bank criteria) reporting data on medicine use in primary care were included. Three reviewers independently screened citations by title and abstract, whereas the full-text evaluation of all selected records was performed by 2 reviewers, who also conducted data extraction and quality assessment. A modified version of a tool developed by Hoy and colleagues was utilized to evaluate the risk of bias of each included study. Meta-analyses using random-effects models were performed to identify the proportion of patients receiving antibiotics. The WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) framework was used to classify prescribed antibiotics. We identified 48 studies from 27 LMICs, mostly conducted in the public sector and in urban areas, and predominantly based on medical records abstraction and/or drug prescription audits. The pooled prevalence proportion of antibiotic prescribing was 52% (95% CI: 51%–53%), with a prediction interval of 44%–60%. Individual studies’ estimates were consistent across settings. Only 9 studies assessed rationality, and the proportion of inappropriate prescription among patients with various conditions ranged from 8% to 100%. Among 16 studies in 15 countries that reported details on prescribed antibiotics, Access-group antibiotics accounted for more than 60% of the total in 12 countries. The interpretation of pooled estimates is limited by the considerable between-study heterogeneity. Also, most of the available studies suffer from methodological issues and report insufficient details to assess appropriateness of prescription. Conclusions Antibiotics are highly prescribed in primary care across LMICs. Although a subset of studies reported a high proportion of inappropriate use, the true extent could not be assessed due to methodological limitations. Yet, our findings highlight the need for urgent action to improve prescription practices, starting from the integration of WHO treatment recommendations and the AWaRe classification into national guidelines. Trial registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019123269.<br />Giorgia Sulis and colleagues report the prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions in primary care in low-middle income countries in a systematic review and meta-analysis.<br />Author summary Why was this study done? Inappropriate use of antibiotics, both in terms of incorrect regimens and prescription without clinical indication, is a major driver of antibiotic resistance. Global drug sales data indicate a substantial increase in antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) over the past 2 decades. An accurate quantification of antibiotic prescribing in primary care across LMICs is not available. What did the researchers do and find? We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of antibiotic prescribing across primary care settings in LMICs. Our study showed that, on average, approximately half of patients attending primary care facilities in LMICs received at least 1 antibiotic. Very few included studies made an attempt to assess the extent of inappropriate prescriptions and indicate potential misuse. Among studies that provided information on the types of antibiotics used, we found that, in 12/16 studies, 60% of prescriptions were for antibiotics with low potential for resistance selection as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). What do these findings mean? Our study highlights that antibiotics are highly prescribed in outpatient primary care settings. Better quality data are necessary to dig deeper into the patterns of inappropriate use according to local epidemiologic scenarios. Adapting WHO treatment recommendations and incorporating the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification of antibiotics into national guidelines will be a first key step to improve prescription practices.
- Subjects :
- Prevalence
030204 cardiovascular system & hematology
Pediatrics
Geographical Locations
Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
0302 clinical medicine
Antibiotics
Medicine and Health Sciences
Global health
030212 general & internal medicine
Practice Patterns, Physicians'
Antimicrobials
Medical record
Statistics
Drugs
General Medicine
Research Assessment
Metaanalysis
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Meta-analysis
Physical Sciences
Medicine
Research Article
China
medicine.medical_specialty
Asia
Systematic Reviews
MEDLINE
Developing country
Audit
Research and Analysis Methods
Microbiology
03 medical and health sciences
Microbial Control
medicine
Humans
Statistical Methods
Medical prescription
Developing Countries
Primary Care
Pharmacology
Treatment Guidelines
Health Care Policy
Primary Health Care
business.industry
Biology and Life Sciences
Health Care
Antibiotic Resistance
Family medicine
People and Places
Antimicrobial Resistance
business
Mathematics
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 15491676 and 15491277
- Volume :
- 17
- Issue :
- 6
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- PLoS Medicine
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....834b01115217396aa7e69ad78b1efa19