Micafungin alters the amino acid, nucleic acid and central carbon metabolism ofCandida albicansat subinhibitory concentrations: novel insights into mechanisms of action

Background Echinocandins are an important class of antifungal agents in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. However, little is known about the metabolomic effects of echinocandins on Candida . We therefore performed LC-high-resolution MS (LC-HRMS)-based metabolomics profiling of the response of Candida albicans cells to increasing concentrations of micafungin to determine the metabolic response of Candida to micafungin subinhibitory injury. Methods Isolates of C. albicans were cultured on nitrocellulose filters to mid-logarithmic phase of growth and micafungin (0-0.25 mg/L) was added. At mid-logarithmic phase, replicates were metabolically quenched. Intracellular metabolites were analysed by LC-HRMS. Changes in pool sizes of individual metabolites were analysed by Student's t -test adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing by Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Metabolites were ascribed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathways database. Results Among 3446 detected metabolites, 204 were identified by comparison against pure standard or comparison against a library of mass-retention-time pairs. Fifty had significantly altered abundances in response to increasing micafungin concentrations. Pool sizes of amino acids, nucleic acids and polyamine metabolism were significantly increased at subinhibitory concentrations, while exposure to inhibitory concentrations resulted in a precipitous decrease consistent with fungicidal activity. Conclusions Micafungin induces a re-routing of metabolic pathways inhibiting protein synthesis and cell replication. These results shed light on new mechanisms of action of echinocandins.