Effect of smoking on global cognitive function in nondemented elderly

Background:Contrary to early case-control studies that suggested smoking protects against Alzheimer disease (AD), recent prospective studies have shown that elderly who smoke may be at increased risk for dementia.Objective:To examine prospectively the effect of smoking on cognition in nondemented elderly.Method:In a multicenter cohort, the European Community Concerted Action Epidemiology of Dementia (EURODEM), including the Odense, Personnes Agées Quid (Paquid), Rotterdam, and Medical Research Council: Ageing in Liverpool Project—Health Aspects (MRC ALPHA) Studies, 17,610 persons aged 65 and over were screened and examined for dementia. After an average 2.3 years of follow-up, 11,003 nondemented participants were retested. Excluding incident dementia cases and those without baseline information on smoking gave an analytical sample of 9,209 persons. Average yearly decline in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was compared among groups, adjusting for age, sex, baseline MMSE, education, type of residence, and history of myocardial infarction or stroke.Results:MMSE score of persons who never smoked on average declined 0.03 point/year. The adjusted decline of former smokers was 0.03 point greater and of current smokers 0.13 point greater than never smokers (p< 0.001). Higher rates of decline by smoking were found in men and women, persons with and without family history of dementia, and in three of four participating studies. Higher cigarette pack–year exposure was correlated with a significantly higher rate of decline.Conclusion:Smoking may accelerate cognitive decline in nondemented elderly.