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HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages
- Source :
- Viruses, Vol 12, Iss 711, p 711 (2020), Viruses
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2020.
-
Abstract
- A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1+ individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses.
- Subjects :
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
0301 basic medicine
Cart
PAMPs
Anti-HIV Agents
lcsh:QR1-502
HIV Infections
Viremia
Inflammation
Review
macrophage
Virus
lcsh:Microbiology
Proinflammatory cytokine
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Downregulation and upregulation
Virology
Animals
Humans
Medicine
Macrophage
persistent viral RNA expression
Innate immune system
business.industry
Macrophages
virus diseases
HIV
medicine.disease
Immunity, Innate
030104 developmental biology
Infectious Diseases
Immunology
HIV-1
medicine.symptom
intron-containing RNA
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
chronic innate immune activation
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 19994915
- Volume :
- 12
- Issue :
- 711
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Viruses
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....870ead482733109a52a371dacbaa9401