Development of a vertebrate experimental model for cellular neurophysiologic studies of learning

General criteria that an experimental model for cellular neurophysiologic studies of learning must satisfy are discussed. It is suggested that defensively-conditioned cardioacceleration in the pigeon provides a preparation with a great deal of potential in this regard. Specific criteria are then established and discussed with reference to this specific preparation. The major emphasis in the paper is upon our approach to developing a suitable vertebrate model, particularly its behavioral requirements and the determination of the neuroanatomical pathways mediating development of the learned response. Experimental results illustrate the approach.