Vortex flow in the left atrium in healthy controls and patients with mitral valve regurgitation after atrioventricular septal defect correction: evaluation with 4D Flow MRI and particle tracing

Methods 12 healthy controls (age 9-53 years) and 8 patients (age 8-37 years) with a corrected atrioventricular septal defect and a mean mitral valve regurgitation of 25% (range 1937%) were included. The maximal left atrial volume (LAV) was calculated based on the biplane area-length method from a standardized 2and 4-chamber view. Whole-heart 4D Flow MRI was performed on a 3T MR scanner with free breathing, three-directional velocity encoding of 150cm/s in all directions, spatial resolution 2.3×2.3×3.0-4.2mm and 30 phases reconstructed over one cardiac cycle. At end-systole the vortical flow was assessed by manually segmenting the volume of circular flow in the left atrium based on streamline visualization in a stack of slices parallel to the 4-chamber view. 3Dparticle tracing was applied in reverse time order, using the defined volume as seeding, to trace back the seed points and quantify the number of particles originating from the left and right pulmonary veins (LPV and RPV). Results In controls mean LAV was 60±35mL and the vortex flow volume at end-systole 8±5mL. Tracing revealed a dominating contribution to the vortical volume originating from the LPV (41±14%), a smaller part from the RPV (17±12%) and a residual part of particles present inside the atrium at the start of systole (42±15%). In patients with mitral regurgitation the LAV was 76 ±21mL and a complex shape of the vortical flow with variation between subjects was observed (Figure 1). Mean vortical volume at end-systole was 5±4mL, with 13±14% contribution from LPV (difference with controls, p=0.001), 6±6% from the RPV (p=0.049) and a residual part of 81 ±14% (particles already inside the atrium at start of systole or coming from the ventricle as regurgitation) (p