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Chromosomal and gonadal sex drive sex differences in lipids and hepatic gene expression in response to hypercholesterolemia and statin treatment

Authors :
Carrie B. Wiese
Zoey W. Agle
Peixiang Zhang
Karen Reue
Source :
Biology of sex differences, vol 13, iss 1
Publication Year :
2022
Publisher :
Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2022.

Abstract

Background Biological sex impacts susceptibility and presentation of cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death for both sexes. To reduce cardiovascular disease risk, statin drugs are commonly prescribed to reduce circulating cholesterol levels through inhibition of cholesterol synthesis. The effectiveness of statin therapy differs between individuals with a sex bias in the frequency of adverse effects. Limited information is available regarding the mechanisms driving sex-specific responses to hypercholesterolemia or statin treatment. Methods Four Core Genotypes mice (XX and XY mice with ovaries and XX and XY mice with testes) on a hypercholesteremic Apoe–/– background were fed a chow diet without or with simvastatin for 8 weeks. Plasma lipid levels were quantified and hepatic differential gene expression was evaluated with RNA-sequencing to identify the independent effects of gonadal and chromosomal sex. Results In a hypercholesterolemic state, gonadal sex influenced the expression levels of more than 3000 genes, and chromosomal sex impacted expression of nearly 1400 genes, which were distributed across all autosomes as well as the sex chromosomes. Gonadal sex uniquely influenced the expression of ER stress response genes, whereas chromosomal and gonadal sex influenced fatty acid metabolism gene expression in hypercholesterolemic mice. Sex-specific effects on gene regulation in response to statin treatment included a compensatory upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression in mice with XY chromosome complement, regardless of presence of ovaries or testes. Conclusion Gonadal and chromosomal sex have independent effects on the hepatic transcriptome to influence different cellular pathways in a hypercholesterolemic environment. Furthermore, chromosomal sex in particular impacted the cellular response to statin treatment. An improved understanding of how gonadal and chromosomal sex influence cellular response to disease conditions and in response to drug treatment is critical to optimize disease management for all individuals.

Details

ISSN :
20426410
Volume :
13
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
Biology of Sex Differences
Accession number :
edsair.doi.dedup.....8c2648250766a7387e1956d35da451ae
Full Text :
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-022-00474-8