Mental health and demographic correlates of loneliness after left ventricular assist device implantation

Loneliness is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, and hospital readmission, yet there are no studies to our knowledge examining loneliness in left ventricular assistance device (LVAD) patients. This study used a cross-sectional survey design on a convenience sample of LVAD patients ( n = 73). Logistic regression was used to identify demographic correlates of loneliness; linear regression was used to examine the relationship between loneliness and both stress and depression. Loneliness was measured via the loneliness item from the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CESD), depression via the CESD (excluding the loneliness item), and stress via the Perceived Stress Scale. In bivariate analyses, older age (OR per year = 0.958, 95%CI = 0.919–0.998) and being partnered (OR = 0.245, 95%CI = 0.083–0.724) were associated with less loneliness. In the multivariate model, there was an interaction effect between age and partnership ( p = 0.0212), where older age was protective against loneliness for non-partnered, but not partnered, patients. Higher loneliness was associated with higher stress (β = 0.484, B = 5.687, 95%CI = 3.195–8.178) and depression (β = 0.618, B = 7.544, 95%CI = 5.241–9.848). Patients who are not partnered and younger may be at increased risk of loneliness after LVAD. Loneliness in turn is associated with higher stress and depression. Longitudinal research is necessary to speak to direction of effects.