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Further Delineation of Duplications of ARX Locus Detected in Male Patients with Varying Degrees of Intellectual Disability
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- MDPI, 2022.
-
Abstract
- The X-linked gene encoding aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) is a bi-functional transcription factor capable of activating or repressing gene transcription, whose mutations have been found in a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs); these include cortical malformations, paediatric epilepsy, intellectual disability (ID) and autism. In addition to point mutations, duplications of the ARX locus have been detected in male patients with ID. These rearrangements include telencephalon ultraconserved enhancers, whose structural alterations can interfere with the control of ARX expression in the developing brain. Here, we review the structural features of 15 gain copy-number variants (CNVs) of the ARX locus found in patients presenting wide-ranging phenotypic variations including ID, speech delay, hypotonia and psychiatric abnormalities. We also report on a further novel Xp21.3 duplication detected in a male patient with moderate ID and carrying a fully duplicated copy of the ARX locus and the ultraconserved enhancers. As consequences of this rearrangement, the patient-derived lymphoblastoid cell line shows abnormal activity of the ARX-KDM5C-SYN1 regulatory axis. Moreover, the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the Arx locus, both in mouse embryonic stem cells and cortical neurons, provides new insight for the functional consequences of ARX duplications. Finally, by comparing the clinical features of the 16 CNVs affecting the ARX locus, we conclude that—depending on the involvement of tissue-specific enhancers—the ARX duplications are ID-associated risk CNVs with variable expressivity and penetrance.
- Subjects :
- Male
Transcription Factor
Ultraconserved enhancers
Intellectual disability
3D structure
Catalysis
Inorganic Chemistry
Mice
Animals
Humans
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Child
Molecular Biology
Spectroscopy
Homeodomain Proteins
Animal
KDM5C-SYN1 axi
Organic Chemistry
KDM5C-SYN1 axis
Genes, Homeobox
Homeodomain Protein
General Medicine
Xp21.3 duplication
Computer Science Applications
Ultraconserved enhancer
Settore MED/03 - Genetica Medica
Mutation
ARX
Human
Transcription Factors
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....921f789640e696dd39a97e136dc09b59