Does merged three-dimensional mapping improve contact force and long-term procedure outcome in atrial fibrillation ablation? (MICRO-AF study): a prospective randomized controlled study

Integration of electroanatomical map (EAM) with preacquired three-dimensional (3D) cardiac images provides detailed appreciation of the complex anatomy of the left atrium (LA) and pulmonary vein (PV). High-density (HD) multi-electrode mapping catheters have enabled creating more accurate EAM reflecting real-time volume-rendered LA–PV geometry during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. However, no study has compared the outcomes of AF ablation using HD–EAM versus 3D-merged map. We aimed to investigate the procedural and clinical outcomes of AF ablation with HD–EAM (HD–EAM group) versus 3D-merged map (Merge group). One hundred patients (59.5 ± 11.5 years, 53% with paroxysmal AF [PAF]) were randomly assigned (1:1) to HD–EAM or Merged group. HD multi-electrode mapping and contact force (CF)-sensing catheters were used to create virtual LA–PV chamber and to perform wide antral circumferential ablation (WACA), respectively. The two groups showed no significant differences in baseline characteristics and procedural data including ablation time, fluoroscopy time, LA voltage, and CF. PV isolation with a single WACA line was achieved in 21 (42%) and 27 (54%) patients in the Merge and HD-EAM groups, respectively (P = NS). CF was significantly lower in lesions with gap than lesions without gap after a single WACA (7.3 ± 7.3 g vs. 16.0 ± 8.3, respectively, P