An overview of the anatomy, development and evolution of the vascular system of lianas

Background: Lianas present many interesting structural features that are linked to their climbing habit. Having lost substantial amounts of supporting tissue, these plants depend on external structures for support. Meanwhile, during their evolutionary history, they have gained additional conductive and storage tissues. The wood of lianas generally includes wider vessels, larger amounts of axial parenchyma, larger rays, and longer fibres than those of trees. Cambial variants represent another key anatomical feature of lianas. Aims: In this paper, we review various aspects of liana biology, including those associated with their vascular system and water conduction, secondary growth and seasonal responses to environmental variability, as well as aspects related to the evolution of their cambial variants. Methods: Examples from the Bignoniaceae and Leguminosae, the two most abundant liana taxa in the Neotropics, are presented in a series of case studies, bringing new data, such as the activity of the cambium ...