Splanchnic vein thrombosis: Clinical manifestations, risk factors, management, and outcomes

Background Clinical manifestations and optimal management strategies in patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) are not well characterized. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all newly diagnosed SVT evaluated between January 2007 and December 2018. Efficacy outcome was thrombosis resolution, and safety outcomes included death and occurrence of bleeding. Results We included 155 patients with a mean age of 56.2 (18–87). Local risk factors were present in 118 (76.1%) patients and 30 (19.4%) had only systemic/thrombophilia. Local risk factors included abdominal cancers (31%), surgery (20.6%) and liver cirrhosis (19.4%). Thrombophilia screening was conducted in approximately 50% of patients. Factor V Leiden or Prothrombin G20210A mutations were observed in 7.1% of patients whereas 14.4% were JAK2V617F mutation positive. Most common manifestations at onset were abdominal pain (56.1%), whereas 44.6% were incidentally found. Portal vein thrombosis was observed more in primary cases (91.9% vs. 69.5%, p = 0.012). Anticoagulation was used in 93.5% cases. Indefinite anticoagulation was used more frequently in primary SVT (62.2% vs. 41.5%, p = 0.045). Thrombosis resolution and bleeding complications among primary (without local risk factors) and secondary (with local risk factors) SVT were observed in 48.5%, 65%, 8.1%, and 11.9%, respectively with no difference when comparing patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants or warfarin and/or low molecular weight heparin (58% vs. 62%, p = 0.326, 9% vs. 12%, p = 0.518). Conclusions In this cohort anticoagulation resulted in partial or complete thrombosis resolution in a significant proportion of patients with an acceptable bleeding risk regardless local risk factors or type of anticoagulant.