Do Patients with Complete Spinal Cord Injury Benefit from Early Surgical Decompression? Analysis of Neurological Improvement in a Prospective Cohort Study

The prognosis for patients with a complete traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is generally poor. It is unclear whether some subgroups of patients with a complete traumatic SCI could benefit from early surgical decompression of the spinal cord. The objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the effect of early and late surgical decompression on neurological recovery in complete traumatic SCI and (2) to assess whether the impact of surgical timing is different in patients with cervical or thoracolumbar SCI. A prospective cohort study was followed in a single Level 1 Trauma Center specializing in SCI care. All consecutive patients who sustained a traumatic SCI and were referred between 2010 and 2013 were screened for eligibility. Neurological status was assessed systematically using the American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (AIS) at arrival to the trauma center and at rehabilitation discharge. Patients operated within 24 h of the trauma were compared with patients operated later than 24 h after the trauma. Potential confounders such as age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), smoking history, body mass index (BMI), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and duration of follow-up were recorded. Fifty-three patients with complete SCI were included in the study: 33 thoracolumbar and 20 cervical SCIs. The 38 patients operated24 h were generally younger than the 15 patients operated ≥ 24 h (p = 0.049). Overall, 28% (15/53) of complete SCI had improvement in AIS: 34% (13/38) who were operated24 h and 13% (2/15) who were operated ≥ 24 h (p = 0.182). Sixty-four percent (9/14) of cervical complete SCI operated24 h had improvement in AIS as opposed to none in the subgroup of six complete cervical SCI operated ≥ 24 h (p = 0.008). Surgical decompression within 24 h in complete SCI may optimize neurological recovery, especially in patients with cervical SCI.