Application of multi-isotope data (O, D, C and S) to quantify redox processes in urban groundwater

The different recharge sources and their mixing ratios were investigated in water samples from an urban aquifer. Two distinct zones from Barcelona city were compared: (1) Poble Sec and (2) Besòs River Delta, which are located in a densely populated area with a strong industrial impact. In this study 106 water samples were collected from July 2007 to May 2010 for hydrochemical and isotopic characterisation. The application of environmental isotopes coupled with hydrochemistry provided the necessary information to isotopically quantify groundwater recharge sources and evaluate the occurrence of redox processes. In the Besòs River Delta, a decrease in dissolved View the MathML sourceSO42- concentration and an increase in δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 values were observed in groundwater samples, both indicating View the MathML sourceSO42- reduction. Moreover, other chemical indicators supported a reducing environment, such as low or null levels of dissolved O2 and View the MathML sourceNO3-, the presence of View the MathML sourceNH4+ and an increase in dissolved Fe and As. The reducing conditions were probably induced by the organic C dissolved in water infiltrating from the River Besòs. In Poble Sec, the relationship between δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 showed a strong influence of sewage water infiltration into the aquifer. However, the aquifer is oxic and there is no influence of View the MathML sourceSO42- reduction.
The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by the European Union through the Project LIFE08 ENV/E/0117-ENSAT, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the Projects MEPONE (BIA2010-20244) and the Generalitat de Catalunya (Grup Consolidat de Recerca: Grup d’Hidrologia Subterrània, 2009-SGR-1057 and 2009-SGR-103). Estanislao Pujades wishes to acknowledge the financial support from the AGAUR (Generalitat de Catalunya) through “the grant for universities and research centres for the recruitment of new research personnel (FI-DGR 2011)”. Thanks are also due to CLABSA, City Councils of Barcelona and Sant Adrià del Besòs, and to companies and individual owners of wells sampled in this study. Thanks to C. Ayora for the critical review of the manuscript and to T. Hosono for his kind assessment.