Immune Response Induced by Immunisation with Antiviral Vaccines

The review is devoted to specific aspects of the development of post-vaccination immunity following immunisation with different types of antiviral vaccines, as well as to ways of increasing immunogenicity of vaccines and effectiveness of preventive vaccination. Vaccines containing highly purified and recombinant antigens obtained using modern technologies have lower reactogenicity and a higher safety profile, but are less immunogenic compared to live vaccines. Effective vaccines have not been developed for many viral infections yet. Therefore, it is critical to search for ways to enhance immunogenic properties of vaccines in order to increase the efficiency of vaccination, and to develop new vaccine formulations that provide reliable protection of the body against infection. The aim of the paper was to analyse specific aspects of immune response development following immunisation with antiviral vaccines, and approaches to increasing their immunogenicity using adjuvants. It reviews different types of antiviral vaccines, as well as specific aspects of immune response development depending on the nature of a specific antigen. The paper substantiates the use of adjuvants to enhance and regulate the induced immune response. It analyses mechanisms that determine the stimulating effect of adjuvants and summarises data on the adjuvants used in the licensed vaccines for human use. The authors highlight the need for further research to increase the efficiency of vaccination and suggest that one of potential solutions is the use of adjuvants based on recombinant human cytokines.