The Management of Urinary Incontinence in the Exstrophy Complex, Posterior Urethral Valves, and Infrasphincteric Ureters

Urinary incontinence is a debilitating problem that requires careful evaluation. Causes of incontinence in children are numerous, and once the mechanism of incontinence has been identified, management can be planned carefully. The management and outcome in children born with the exstrophy-epispadias complex, posterior urethral valves, and children who have an infrasphincteric ureteric orifice are discussed in this article.