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Perivascular Unit: This Must Be the Place. The Anatomical Crossroad Between the Immune, Vascular and Nervous System
- Source :
- Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Vol 14 (2020)
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- Frontiers Media SA, 2020.
-
Abstract
- Most neurological disorders seemingly have heterogenous pathogenesis, with overlapping contribution of neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain damage. The perivascular space (PVS) in the brain represents a crossroad where those mechanisms interact, as well as a key anatomical component of the recently discovered glymphatic pathway, which is considered to play a crucial role in the clearance of brain waste linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The pathological interplay between neuronal, immune and vascular factors can create an environment that promotes self-perpetration of mechanisms of brain damage across different neurological diseases, including those that are primarily thought of as neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or cerebrovascular. PVS changes can be monitored in humans in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the context of glymphatic clearance, MRI-visible enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) are considered to reflect glymphatic stasis secondary to the perivascular accumulation of brain debris, although they may also represent an adaptive mechanism of the glymphatic system to clear them. EPVS are also established correlates of dementia and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and are considered to reflect brain inflammatory activity. In this review, we describe the “perivascular unit” as a key anatomical substrate for the interaction between neuronal, immune and vascular mechanisms of brain damage, which are shared across different neurological diseases, including those that are considered primarily neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory or cerebrovascular. We will describe the main anatomical, physiological and pathological features of the perivascular unit, highlight potential substrates for the interplay between different noxae and summarize MRI studies of EPVS in cerebrovascular, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Nervous system
glymphatic system
Neuroscience (miscellaneous)
blood brain barrier
perivascular space (PVS)
Context (language use)
Review
Brain damage
lcsh:RC321-571
lcsh:QM1-695
neuroinflammation
blood brain barrier (BBB)
03 medical and health sciences
Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
0302 clinical medicine
neurodegenaration
aquaporin (AQP)-4
Medicine
Perivascular space
lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Neuroinflammation
business.industry
Mechanism (biology)
Multiple sclerosis
Correction
amyloid
lcsh:Human anatomy
medicine.disease
030104 developmental biology
medicine.anatomical_structure
Glymphatic system
Anatomy
medicine.symptom
business
Neuroscience
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 16625129
- Volume :
- 14
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....a6ca4ab37a208ee0b50548179806f9f1