Cardiovascular effects of enoximone in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies

Objective Enoximone is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor frequently used to improve cardiac output (CO) in man. As the use of enoximone has not been reported in horses, the effects of this inodilator were examined in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies. Study design Prospective, randomised, experimental study. Animals Six healthy ponies, weighing 286 (212–367) ± 52 kg, aged 5.0 ± 1.6 years (4–6.5). Methods After sedation with romifidine [80 μ g kg −1 intravenously (IV)], general anaesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.06 mg kg −1 IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg −1 IV) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen (Et Iso 1.7%). The ponies were ventilated to maintain eucapnia (PaCO 2 4.66–6.00 kPa). Each pony was anaesthetized twice with an interval of 3 weeks; receiving enoximone 0.5 mg kg −1 IV (E) or saline (S) 90 minutes post-induction. Heart rate (HR), arterial (AP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) were measured before treatment, every 5 minutes between T0 (treatment) and T30 and then every 10 minutes until T120. Cardiac output measurements (lithium dilution technique) and blood gas analysis (arterial and central venous samples) were performed before T0 and at T5, T10, T20, T40, T60, T80, T100 and T120. Stroke volume (SV), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), venous admixture ( Q ˙ s/ Q ˙ t) and oxygen delivery ( D ˙ O 2 ) were calculated. Results Enoximone induced significant increases in HR, CO, SV, Q ˙ s/ Q ˙ t and D ˙ O 2 and a significant decrease in RAP. No significant differences were detected for AP, SVR and blood gases. No cardiac arrhythmias or other side effects were observed. Conclusions and Clinical relevance The present results suggest that in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies, enoximone has beneficial effects on CO and SV without producing significant changes in blood pressure. Despite an increase in Q ˙ s/ Q ˙ t, D ˙ O 2 to the tissues was improved.