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Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis

Authors :
Valentina Vanni
Georgia Mandolesi
Fabio Buttari
Francesca Romana Rizzo
Alessandra Musella
Antonio Bruno
Silvia Bullitta
Diego Fresegna
Francesca De Vito
Sara Balletta
Livia Guadalupi
Antonietta Gentile
Silvia Caioli
Diego Centonze
Krizia Sanna
Mario Stampanoni Bassi
Ettore Dolcetti
Source :
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 21, Iss 7336, p 7336 (2020), International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publication Year :
2020
Publisher :
MDPI AG, 2020.

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a new reality for many physiological and pathological functions as an alternative mode of intercellular communication. This is due to their capacity to interact with distant recipient cells, usually involving delivery of the EVs contents into the target cells. Intensive investigation has targeted the role of EVs in different pathological conditions, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the nervous system, one of the main causes of neurological disability in young adults. The fine interplay between the immune and nervous systems is profoundly altered in this disease, and EVs seems to have a relevant impact on MS pathogenesis. Here, we provide an overview of both clinical and preclinical studies showing that EVs released from blood–brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells, platelets, leukocytes, myeloid cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of MS and of its rodent model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Most of the information points to an impact of EVs on BBB damage, on spreading pro-inflammatory signals, and altering neuronal functions, but EVs reparative function of brain damage deserves attention. Finally, we will describe recent advances about EVs as potential therapeutic targets and tools for therapeutic intervention in MS.

Details

Language :
English
ISSN :
16616596 and 14220067
Volume :
21
Issue :
7336
Database :
OpenAIRE
Journal :
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Accession number :
edsair.doi.dedup.....a82f34d0a56c3f6963f2ca0c008e3e5d