Fatal Hepatitis B Infection Despite Immunization in an HIV-infected Infant: A Possible Case of Vaccine Failure and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

We report a case of hepatitis B immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an 8-month-old girl with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. In resource-constrained countries, HIV-hepatitis B co-infections are often difficult to diagnose and to treat. We highlight on the importance of hepatitis B and HIV screening in pregnant women, to implement efficient preventive measures.