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Switching of vascular cells towards atherogenesis, and other factors contributing to atherosclerosis: a systematic review
- Source :
- Thrombosis Journal, Vol 18, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2020), Thrombosis Journal
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- BMC, 2020.
-
Abstract
- BackgroundOnset, development and progression of atherosclerosis are complex multistep processes. Many aspects of atherogenesis are not yet properly known. This study investigates the changes in vasculature that contribute to switching of vascular cells towards atherogenesis, focusing mainly on ageing.MethodsDatabases including PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving atherogenesis, vascular homeostasis, aging, gene expression, signaling pathways, angiogenesis, vascular development, vascular cell differentiation and maintenance, vascular stem cells, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells.ResultsAtherogenesis is a complex multistep process that unfolds in a sequence. It is caused by alterations in: epigenetics and genetics, signaling pathways, cell circuitry, genome stability, heterotypic interactions between multiple cell types and pathologic alterations in vascular microenvironment. Such alterations involve pathological changes in: Shh, Wnt, NOTCH signaling pathways, TGF beta, VEGF, FGF, IGF 1, HGF, AKT/PI3K/ mTOR pathways, EGF, FOXO, CREB, PTEN, several apoptotic pathways, ET – 1, NF-κB, TNF alpha, angiopoietin, EGFR, Bcl − 2, NGF, BDNF, neurotrophins, growth factors, several signaling proteins, MAPK, IFN, TFs, NOs, serum cholesterol, LDL, ephrin, its receptor pathway, HoxA5, Klf3, Klf4, BMPs, TGFs and others.This disruption in vascular homeostasis at cellular, genetic and epigenetic level is involved in switching of the vascular cells towards atherogenesis. All these factors working in pathologic manner, contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis.ConclusionThe development of atherosclerosis involves the switching of gene expression towards pro-atherogenic genes. This happens because of pathologic alterations in vascular homeostasis. When pathologic alterations in epigenetics, genetics, regulatory genes, microenvironment and vascular cell biology accumulate beyond a specific threshold, then the disease begins to express itself phenotypically. The process of biological ageing is one of the most significant factors in this aspect as it is also involved in the decline in homeostasis, maintenance and integrity.The process of atherogenesis unfolds sequentially (step by step) in an interconnected loop of pathologic changes in vascular biology. Such changes are involved in ‘switching’ of vascular cells towards atherosclerosis.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Signaling pathways
Angiogenesis
Cellular differentiation
Notch signaling pathway
Vascular homeostasis
030204 cardiovascular system & hematology
Fibroblast growth factor
Angiopoietin
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
Medicine
Epigenetics
PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Inflammation
Vascular microenvironment
business.industry
lcsh:RC633-647.5
Research
Wnt signaling pathway
Changes in vasculature
Hematology
lcsh:Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
Atherogenesis
Atherosclerosis
Oscillatory blood flow
Cell biology
Ageing
030104 developmental biology
Gene expression
business
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 14779560
- Volume :
- 18
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Thrombosis Journal
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....ac0e333076ebea7eb64ce7cae1ed1a43