The Conformation of Yeast Chromosome III Is Mating Type Dependent and Controlled by the Recombination Enhancer

Mating-type switching in yeast occurs through gene conversion between the MAT locus and one of two silent loci (HML or HMR) on opposite ends of the chromosome. MATa cells choose HML as template, whereas MATα cells use HMR. The recombination enhancer (RE) located on the left arm regulates this process. One long-standing hypothesis is that switching is guided by mating-type-specific and possibly RE-dependent chromosome folding. Here, we use Hi-C, 5C, and live-cell imaging to characterize the conformation of chromosome III in both mating types. We discovered a mating-type-specific conformational difference in the left arm. Deletion of a 1-kb subregion within the RE, which is not necessary during switching, abolished mating-type-dependent chromosome folding. The RE is therefore a composite element with one subregion essential for donor selection during switching and a separate region involved in modulating chromosome conformation. We acknowledge financial support from the National Human Genome Research Institute (HG003143) to J.D.; the Human Frontiers Science Program (RGP0044/2011) to J.D., K.B., and M.A.M.-R.; the Spanish MINECO (BFU2010-19310/BMC and BFU2013-47736-P) to M.A.M.-R.; and the French ANR (SVSE5 ANDY) to K.B. J.D. is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.