Difficult removal of exposed peripheral nerve stimulator leads: a report of 2 cases

Peripheral nerve stimulators serve as an alternative modality to treat chronic pain conditions; however, long-term complications, specifically lead migration, may occur.
Introduction: Peripheral nerve stimulators have emerged as a new generation of advanced modalities to treat chronic pain and avoid opioids. They transmit electrical stimulation through implanted leads and wireless, wearable, external generators. Common complications include infection, nerve damage, and migration of stimulating leads. This article describes 2 cases of complications from lead migration. Methods: Case 1 describes a 61-year-old man with chronic groin pain who underwent an uncomplicated ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal peripheral nerve lead implantation. Case 2 describes a 54-year-old woman with left shoulder pain who underwent an uncomplicated ultrasound-guided percutaneous lead placement near the axillary nerve through a deltoid approach. Both peripheral nerve stimulators were confirmed with fluoroscopy, and each patient was followed up every 2 months for the following 2 years. Results: Both patients experienced lead migration to the skin resulting in erythema and need for lead removal. Initial unsuccessful removal by traction resulted in retained fragments and need for open surgical removal. Discussion: Neurologic complications of peripheral nerve stimulator implantation are rare, but device-associated complications, specifically lead migration, remain a source of long-term problems that can result in decreased coverage of the intended neural target. Conclusion: Thorough patient education, early postimplantation assessment, and extended routine follow-up are necessary to decrease lead-associated complications. If migration does occur, the potential impact of scar tissue on removal should be considered.