Wind speed and mesoscale features drive net autotrophy in the South Atlantic Ocean

A comprehensive in situ dataset of chlorophyll a (Chl a; N = 18,001), net primary production (NPP; N = 165) and net community production (NCP; N = 95), were used to evaluate the performance of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on Aqua (MODIS-A) algorithms for these parameters, in the South Atlantic Ocean, to facilitate the accurate generation of satellite NCP time series. For Chl a, five algorithms were tested using MODIS-A data, and OC3-CI performed best, which was subsequently used to compute NPP. Of three NPP algorithms tested, a Wavelength Resolved Model (WRM) was the most accurate, and was therefore used to estimate NCP with an empirical relationship between NCP with NPP and sea surface temperature (SST). A perturbation analysis was deployed to quantify the range of uncertainties introduced in satellite NCP from input parameters. The largest reductions in the uncertainty of satellite NCP came from MODIS-A derived NPP using the WRM (40%) and MODIS-A Chl a using OC3-CI (22%). The most accurate NCP algorithm, was used to generate a 16 year time series (2002 to 2018) from MODIS-A to assess climate and environmental drivers of NCP across the South Atlantic basin. Positive correlations between wind speed anomalies and NCP anomalies were observed in the central South Atlantic Gyre (SATL), and the Benguela Upwelling (BENG), indicating that autotrophic conditions may be fuelled by local wind-induced nutrient inputs to the mixed layer. Sea Level Height Anomalies (SLHA), used as an indicator of mesoscale eddies, were negatively correlated with NCP anomalies offshore of the BENG upwelling fronts into the SATL, suggesting autotrophic conditions are driven by mesoscale features. The Agulhas bank and Brazil-Malvinas confluence regions also had a strong negative correlation between SLHA and NCP anomalies, similarly indicating that NCP is forced by mesoscale eddy generation in this region. Positive correlations between SST anomalies and the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) in the SATL, indicated the influence of El Niño events on the South Atlantic Ocean, however the plankton community response was less clear. UK Natural Environment Research Council | Ref. NERC; NE / L002434 / 1 European Space Agency | Ref. AMT4SentinelFRM (ESRIN / RFQ / 3-14457 / 16 / I-BG) European Space Agency | Ref. AMT4OceanSatFlux (4000125730/18 / NL / FF / gp) NERC International Opportunity Fund Grant Satellite estimates of marine net community production in the South Atlantic from Sentinel-3 | Ref. SemSAS; NE / P00878X / 1 P&D ANP / BRASOIL | Ref. 48610.011013 / 2014-66 Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo | Ref. FAPESP 2015 / 01373-0 Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo | Ref. CNPq 442926 / 2015-4 Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo | Ref. FAPESP 2014 / 50820-7 Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo | Ref. CNPq 565060 / 2010-4 NERC | Ref. NE / R015953 / 1