Using Radish (Raphanus Lativus L.) Germination to Establish a Benchmark Dose for the Toxicity of Ozonated-Petroleum Byproducts in Soil

The concentration-response relationship between the germination outcome of radish (Raphanus lativus L.) and ozonated petroleum residuals was determined experimentally. The outcomes were used to produce an ecological risk assessment model to predict the extra risk of adverse outcomes based on the concentration of ozonated residuals. A test soil with low organic matter (0.5% w/w) was mixed with raw crude oil, artificially weathered, and treated at three doses of ozone (O