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Effects of water stably-enriched with oxygen as a novel method of tissue oxygenation on mitochondrial function, and as adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes in a randomized placebo-controlled trial
- Source :
- PLoS ONE, PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0254619 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2021.
-
Abstract
- Background Diabetes mellitus is associated with inadequate delivery of oxygen to tissues. Cellular hypoxia is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction which increases oxidative stress and hyperglycaemia. Hyperbaric oxygenation therapy, which was shown to improve insulin sensitivity, is impractical for regular use. We evaluated the effects of water which is stably-enriched with oxygen (ELO water) to increase arterial blood oxygen levels, on mitochondrial function in the presence of normal- or high-glucose environments, and as glucose-lowering therapy in humans. Methods We compared arterial blood oxygen levels in Sprague-Dawley rats after 7 days of ad libitum ELO or tap water consumption. Mitochondrial stress testing, and flow cytometry analysis of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, were performed on human HepG2 cells cultured in four Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium media, made with ELO water or regular (control) water, at normal (5.5 mM) or high (25 mM) glucose concentrations. We also randomized 150 adults with type 2 diabetes (mean age 53 years, glycated haemoglobin HbA1c 8.9% [74 mmol/mol], average duration of diabetes 12 years) to drink 1.5 litres daily of bottled ELO water or drinking water. Results ELO water raised arterial oxygen tension pO2 significantly (335 ± 26 vs. 188 ± 18 mmHg, p = 0.006) compared with tap water. In cells cultured in control water, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential were both significantly lower at 25 mM glucose compared with 5.5 mM glucose; in contrast, mitochondrial mass and membrane potential did not differ significantly at normal or high glucose concentrations in cells cultured in ELO water. The high-glucose environment induced a greater mitochondrial proton leak in cells cultured in ELO water compared to cells cultured in control medium at similar glucose concentration. In type 2 diabetic adults, HbA1c decreased significantly (p = 0.002) by 0.3 ± 0.7% (4 ± 8 mmol/mol), with ELO water after 12 weeks of treatment but was unchanged with placebo. Conclusions ELO water raises arterial blood oxygen levels, appears to have a protective effect on hyperglycaemia-induced reduction in mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be effective adjuvant therapy for type 2 diabetes.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Type 2 diabetes
Mitochondrion
medicine.disease_cause
Biochemistry
Oxygen
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Endocrinology
Medical Conditions
0302 clinical medicine
Water Quality
Natural Resources
Diabetes diagnosis and management
Insulin
Energy-Producing Organelles
Multidisciplinary
Organic Compounds
Chemistry
Monosaccharides
Mitochondria
Type 2 Diabetes
Physical Sciences
Water Resources
Medicine
Arterial blood
Cellular Structures and Organelles
Research Article
Chemical Elements
medicine.medical_specialty
HbA1c
Endocrine Disorders
Science
Carbohydrates
chemistry.chemical_element
030209 endocrinology & metabolism
Bioenergetics
03 medical and health sciences
Tap water
Diabetes mellitus
Internal medicine
Mole
Diabetes Mellitus
medicine
Animals
Hypoglycemic Agents
Hemoglobin
Dissolved Oxygen
Glycated Hemoglobin
Medicine and health sciences
Organic Chemistry
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Chemical Compounds
Water
Biology and Life Sciences
Proteins
Cell Biology
medicine.disease
Diagnostic medicine
Rats
Glucose
030104 developmental biology
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Metabolic Disorders
Oxidative stress
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 19326203
- Volume :
- 16
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- PLOS ONE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....c07abc3d33269d221f9b3f3b0e0f156b