Prognostic Implications of the Residual Tumor Microenvironment after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients without Pathological Complete Response

Simple Summary Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is currently in the clinical research spotlight because of the tumor's aggressive and invasive nature and the scarcity of therapeutic targets. Despite recent advances in identifying reliable prognostic biomarkers in the tumor microenvironment (TME), rigorous evaluation of their predictive capacity remains challenging. We describe the immune cellular and genetic profile of the residual tumor of TNBC that does not achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). A high concentration of lymphocytes and dendritic cells, as well as genetic TME markers such as MUC-1 and CXCL13 in the residual tumor, are valuable prognostic factors of survival and relapse in TNBC patients. From a clinical health perspective, a thorough understanding of the composition of the TME and its prognostic implications might yield relevant immunological information and reveal key predictive biomarkers. This could ultimately help substantially improve the outcomes of residual cancer-burdened TNBC patients after NAC. With a high risk of relapse and death, and a poor or absent response to therapeutics, the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype is particularly challenging, especially in patients who cannot achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Although the tumor microenvironment (TME) is known to influence disease progression and the effectiveness of therapeutics, its predictive and prognostic potential remains uncertain. This work aimed to define the residual TME profile after NAC of a retrospective cohort with 96 TNBC patients by immunohistochemical staining (cell markers) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (genetic markers). Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the influence of the selected TME markers on five-year overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) probabilities. The risks of each variable being associated with relapse and death were determined through univariate and multivariate Cox analyses. We describe a unique tumor-infiltrating immune profile with high levels of lymphocytes (CD4, FOXP3) and dendritic cells (CD21, CD1a and CD83) that are valuable prognostic factors in post-NAC TNBC patients. Our study also demonstrates the value of considering not only cellular but also genetic TME markers such as MUC-1 and CXCL13 in routine clinical diagnosis to refine prognosis modelling.