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The gender gap in science: How long until women are equally represented?
- Source :
- PLoS Biology, PLoS Biology, Vol 16, Iss 4, p e2004956 (2018)
- Publication Year :
- 2017
-
Abstract
- Women comprise a minority of the Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM) workforce. Quantifying the gender gap may identify fields that will not reach parity without intervention, reveal underappreciated biases, and inform benchmarks for gender balance among conference speakers, editors, and hiring committees. Using the PubMed and arXiv databases, we estimated the gender of 36 million authors from >100 countries publishing in >6000 journals, covering most STEMM disciplines over the last 15 years, and made a web app allowing easy access to the data (https://lukeholman.github.io/genderGap/). Despite recent progress, the gender gap appears likely to persist for generations, particularly in surgery, computer science, physics, and maths. The gap is especially large in authorship positions associated with seniority, and prestigious journals have fewer women authors. Additionally, we estimate that men are invited by journals to submit papers at approximately double the rate of women. Wealthy countries, notably Japan, Germany, and Switzerland, had fewer women authors than poorer ones. We conclude that the STEMM gender gap will not close without further reforms in education, mentoring, and academic publishing.<br />Author summary In most fields of science, medicine, and technology research, men comprise more than half of the workforce, particularly at senior levels. Most previous work has concluded that the gender gap is smaller today than it was in the past, giving the impression that there will soon be equal numbers of men and women researchers and that current initiatives to recruit and retain more women are working adequately. Here, we used computational methods to determine the numbers of men and women authors listed on >10 million academic papers published since 2002, allowing us to precisely estimate the gender gap among researchers, as well as its rate of change, for most disciplines of science and medicine. We conclude that many research specialties (e.g., surgery, computer science, physics, and maths) will not reach gender parity this century, given present-day rates of increase in the number of women authors. Additionally, the gender gap varies greatly across countries, with Japan, Germany, and Switzerland having strikingly few women authors. Women were less often commissioned to write ‘invited’ papers, consistent with gender bias by journal editors, and were less often found in authorship positions usually associated with seniority (i.e., the last-listed or sole author). Our results support a need for further reforms to close the gender gap.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Male
Economics
Computer science
Social Sciences
Sexual and Gender Minorities
Open Science
0302 clinical medicine
Sociology
Open access publishing
Biology (General)
Careers
Career Choice
General Neuroscience
Gender studies
Research Assessment
Gender balance
Open Access Publishing
Publishing
Workforce
Meta-Research Article
Engineering and Technology
Female
Natural Science Disciplines
Gender gap
Periodicals as Topic
General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Employment
Computer and Information Sciences
QH301-705.5
Science Policy
Sexism
MEDLINE
Bibliometrics
Research and Analysis Methods
History, 21st Century
General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Sexual and Gender Issues
03 medical and health sciences
Sex Factors
Humans
Scientific Publishing
General Immunology and Microbiology
business.industry
Authorship
030104 developmental biology
Labor Economics
Scientific publishing
business
Publication Practices
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 15457885
- Volume :
- 16
- Issue :
- 4
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- PLoS biology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....c1a9b8cceebe55955730e882a85c7dfc