BengSentiLex and BengSwearLex: creating lexicons for sentiment analysis and profanity detection in low-resource Bengali language

Bengali is a low-resource language that lacks tools and resources for various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, such as sentiment analysis or profanity identification. In Bengali, only the translated versions of English sentiment lexicons are available. Moreover, no dictionary exists for detecting profanity in Bengali social media text. This study introduces a Bengali sentiment lexicon, BengSentiLex, and a Bengali swear lexicon, BengSwearLex. For creating BengSentiLex, a cross-lingual methodology is proposed that utilizes a machine translation system, a review corpus, two English sentiment lexicons, pointwise mutual information (PMI), and supervised machine learning (ML) classifiers in various stages. A semi-automatic methodology is presented to develop BengSwearLex that leverages an obscene corpus, word embedding, and part-of-speech (POS) taggers. The performance of BengSentiLex compared with the translated English lexicons in three evaluation datasets. BengSentiLex achieves 5%–50% improvement over the translated lexicons. For identifying profanity, BengSwearLex achieves documentlevel coverage of around 85% in an document-level in the evaluation dataset. The experimental results imply that BengSentiLex and BengSwearLex are effective resources for classifying sentiment and identifying profanity in Bengali social media content, respectively.